The American Scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example For Students

The American Scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay The American Scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson In the essay the American Scholar, Emerson portrays the scholar as a person who learns from three main things. These things by which a scholar is educated are by nature, by books the past and by action. Emerson uses nature as a comparison to the human mind where he states, There is never a beginning, there is never an end to the inexplicable continuity of this web of God, but always circular power returning into itself.296 The human mind is an object that is boundless and can be full of so much beauty and intellect such as nature can be. Emerson continues to explain how classification begins among the young minds. To the young mind, every thing is individual, stands by itself. We will write a custom essay on The American Scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Emerson presents this idea as a negative effect on the scholar because they seem to continue to break things down trying to find simple answers to complex questions. Man is then convinced that he and it nature proceed from one root; one is leaf and one is flower.296 This thinking of man is the opposite from the truth of the relationship between nature and himself. He shall see that nature is the opposite of the soulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Its laws are the laws of his own mind.296 According to Emerson, the next influence on the scholar is the mind of the past, where he uses books to convey his ideas. Books are the best things, well used; abused, among the worst.297 Books were originally intended for good. The scholar of the first age, received into him the world around; brooded thereon; gave it the new arrangement of his own mind, and uttered it again.297 According to Emerson, books can have a negative effect on the way the scholar should think. Instead of Man Thinking, we have the bookworm. 297 Emerson feels that the scholar should learn things for themselves and not easily accept the views and opinions presented by a writer in their books. He further on continues to state how books They look backward and not forward. But genius always looks forward. The eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hind head.298 Emerson thus believes that all men have the capacity of being a genius. Man hopes. Genius creates.298 But, Emerson does not encourage people to be genius because the Genius is always the sufficiently enemy of the genius by over-influence.298 Emerson believes that books are for the scholars idle times298 and the only subjects that he should learn from reading are history and exact science. The action of the scholar is important to Emerson. Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential. Without it, he is not yet manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ inaction is cowardice, but there can be no scholar without the heroic mind.299 Emerson wants the scholar to learn but question everything. The true scholar grudges every opportunity of action past by, as a loss of power.300 Emerson also places a value on action. The final value  of actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is, that it is a resource.301 Through action man has transformed himself into Man Thinking. The mind now thinks; now acts; and each fit reproduces the otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he has always the resource to live.

Gourmet Manufacturing Plant Manager Interview Essay Example

Gourmet Manufacturing Plant Manager Interview Essay Example Gourmet Manufacturing Plant Manager Interview Essay Gourmet Manufacturing Plant Manager Interview Essay THE UNIVERSITY OF FAISALABAD INDUSTRIAL TOUR TO GOURMET BEVERAGES MANUFACTURING PLANT. Plant Project Manager: Mr. Nassir Mahmoud. Faculty Members: Sir Waseem, Sir Shehzad. Student: Mohammad Nasir (0322-6679733) Mr. Nassir told the students the beverage plant covers about 30acres of total area. It is a prototype program and once the prototype is created it can be copied anywhere. The plant completion is still in progress and is expected to be completed within one year. All the workers are working hard and quick. Meanwhile, Mr. Nassir and his team make sure the work is done according to plan. The equipment’s that are used in the plant are manufactured by ‘Crones’ company, having the production capacity of water 25000/hour and juice 15000/ hour. Later he answered the questions of the students, which are as follows: WHY DID GOURMET LAUNCH ITSELF IN FAISALABAD AFTER THEIR SUCCESS IN LAHORE? Mr. Nassir Mahmoud answered that it was like a test to check what the response is if gourmet is brought out of Lahore and launched in another city. For this Faisalabad was decided because of the ease of access for all type of support for example motorway access, material can be brought within 2 hours of time and the other good reason is the culture of food taste of Lahore and Faisalabad is quiet similar. Currently 100% of products are manufactured here in Faisalabad. WHY DID GOURMET CHOOSE FAISALABAD FOR THEIR PLANT? It would give huge benefits to gourmet in the future like when the Multan motorway will be constructed it will benefit gourmet in reducing its expense if they plan to launch in gourmet there too. : One reason to choose fsd is that in future benefits are here, because of the ease in access to motorway. ARE THE GOURMET DRINKS DISTRIBUTED IN OTHER CITIES OF PAKISTAN? The gourmet Drinks are distributed allover Pakistan except not in Baluchistan etc. In Punjab almost all main cities are covered. Distribution is mostly given to the one who has more market exposure. FUTURE PRODUCTS OF GOURMET? Upcoming product of gourmet is juice. Moreover the glass bottles for gourmet cola would be introduced within 2 months. Juices would be in PET bottle, PET bottle is chosen as it has minimum chances of bacteria to be born in it and Cola will be in glass water, when the consumer returns the bottle back, gourmet will be able to save up to 17/18rs per bottle. GOURMET FUTURE PLANS FOR BRANCHES IN FAISALABAD? Production is a huge hassle reasonable branches would be there in any city gourmet shifts to. Gourmet would shift to longer shelf life. In Lahore it has 104 branches but the branches wouldnt be as many as in Lahore, currently Gourmet has 9 branches in Faisalabad and 10 or 12 more branches would be launched. So the total number of branches would probably be 20 or might exceed 20. IS THERE ANY NEED OF HOME DELIVERY SERVICE OF GOURMET PRODUCTS IN FAISALABAD? Gourmet doesn’t Emphasis on it. Branches are near to you, they bring branches to your home. Gourmet produces too many products, probably 1700, they are factory produced are kept in the branch, home delivery service suits more on restaurants or fast good places like pizza, kfc etc. , HOW DO YOU SEE DAUSAY AS A COMPETITOR OF GOURMET IN LAHORE? Competition is always positive for consumer owner. For consumer in a sense that theyll have better quality in future. Dausay would have affected the sales of gourmet in Lahore. It increases the competition and now gourmet will focus to make improve its products and reduce price and make even better presentation. Gourmet rates are still better. We make quality products, and it’s 100% sure says Mr. Nassir. One should have trust in Allah, even if 100 companies come for competition in the market, rizk is written, we will have it anyway. NIRALA HAS ORDERING ONLINE DELIVERY, WHY NOT GOURMET? Nirala has less branches, we have many, the branches are at your home, delivery is not really required, for that packaging must be different, and many other things, a new industry would have to be developed in order to make such a packaging that could be taken out of country. WHY DOESNT GOURMET ADVERTISE AS MUCH AS PEPSI COKE? Gourmet doesnt want to spend on advertisement. Gourmet cola is the reason why Pepsi brought its price down; Gourmet still sells its cola in bare minimum margin this doesnt allow them to spend on advertisement. They leave the advertise expense to the consumer and don’t waste it on advertisement i. e. spending on the dancers and the other models for the advertisement. Gourmet has direct link to the customer, Pepsi coke doesnt have the link direct to its consumers, there is a number on every gourmet bottle any customer can call and contact gourmet. WHY COKE IS SOLD ON GOURMET? Gourmet is the biggest seller of coca cola. They have a preferential trade agreement with coca cola, reason why gourmet didn’t choose Pepsi is because they believe coca cola has better quality and Pepsi is produced in Pak. TURNOVER IS TOO MUCH? Basic salesmen have such turnover anywhere in the world. Basic salesman is not a profession, any person who doesnt get a good job works as a basic salesman. Any of them who get a better job somewhere else he quickly shifts. This is not a long-term profession. Gourmet is highlighted this much because they have a huge setup, this is happening everywhere but they aren’t highlighted as they have small setup. Mr. Nassir believes the retention has been reduced after the introducing the software. DOUSAY HAS GOURMET EMPLOYEEs, WHY? Fact is that half of them come back to gourmet. Dousay has 100% our ex-employees. Because they need experienced trained employees. INCENTIVES FOR MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES: Work has no link to cash. Work is linked to commitment. Gourmet gives 3 time food to its employees other than his salary. They are sure that each and every rack is safe right now; it is because if racks inventory is reduced the amount is deducted from his pay if he keeps it safe hes given 50rs as reward, this concept is introduced by Mr. Nassir it has reduced the theft in the branches. Moreover when employee puts right inventory, hes given a share of profit, i. e. 100rs/day. HOW DO THE OWNERS STAY IN TOUCH WITH ALL KIND OF NECESSARY INFORMATION? Gourmet has their own software designers, within few months the ERP software would be developed. This is for the ease of the owners they can access the data anywhere. In Faisalabad, every gourmet branch is linked to the main. Data flows all the time to the head office. All reporting regarding expense, purchases, salaries, sales etc. re reported live. This live reporting is done only is Faisalabad because in Lahore the owners themselves sit and run. THE GOOD ADVICE TO STUDENTS: Keep money on your back not in front of you, if you do this money will come behind you, if you keep it in front of yourself you will never catch it, if you keep it behind you, it will come running behind you. Mr. Nassir gives an open challenge to anyone, offer any managerial employees to leave gourmet and shift to some other bakery, the employee won’t!

Relationship Between Deviance and Mental Illness

Relationship Between Deviance and Mental Illness Deviance and mental illness often go hand-in-hand. While not all deviants are considered mentally ill, almost all mentally ill persons are considered deviant (since mental illness isn not considered normal). When studying deviance, then, sociologists also often study mental illness. The three main theoretical frameworks of sociology regard mental illness a little differently, however they all look to the social systems in which mental illness is define, identified, and treated. Functionalists believe that by recognizing mental illness, society upholds values about conforming behavior. Symbolic interactionists see mentally ill persons not as sick, but as victims of societal reactions to their behavior. Finally, conflict theorists, combined with labeling theorists, believe that the people in a society with the fewest resources are the most likely to be labeled mentally ill. For instance, women, racial minorities, and the poor all suffer higher rates of mental illness than groups of higher social and economic status. Further, research has consistently shown that middle- and upper-class persons are more likely to receive some form of psychotherapy for their mental illness. Minorities and poorer individuals are more likely to only receive medication and physical rehabilitation, and not psychotherapy. Sociologists have two possible explanations for the link between social status and mental illness. First, some say it is the stresses of being in a low-income group, being a racial minority, or being a woman in a sexist society that contributes to higher rates of mental illness because this harsher social environment is a threat to mental health. On the other hand, others argue that the same behavior that is labeled mentally ill for some groups may be tolerated in other groups and so therefore not labeled as such. For instance, if a homeless woman were to exhibit crazy, â€Å"deranged† behavior, she would be considered mentally ill whereas if a rich woman exhibited the same behavior, she might be seen as merely eccentric or charming. Women also have higher rates of mental illness than men. Sociologists believe that this stems from the roles that women are forced to play in society. Poverty, unhappy marriages, physical and sexual abuse, the stresses of rearing children, and spending a lot of time doing housework all contribute to higher rates of mental illness for women. Giddens, A. (1991). Introduction to Sociology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton Company. Andersen, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Host resistance and immunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Host resistance and immunity - Essay Example A detrimental colonization of the pathogen in the host body results in an infection. Variables that determine the outcome of a host body encounter with a pathogen include the infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, toxigenicity, resistance, and antigenicity of the pathogens (Qureshi, S. 1999). Pathogenicity of an infection involves a mechanism that leads to the initiation of signs and symptoms of the bacterial or viral infections. An environment that favours the growth of the agent in the host body and its ability to damage the host determines the resultant outcome of the association between disease causing agent and the host body. High pathogenicity levels increases the risk of acquiring an infection. Therefore, once an individual gets exposed to a disease, the pathogenicity of the disease causing agent determines the possibility of the infection. On the other hand, if the bacteria or parasite turns out to be non-pathogenic, the risks of getting infection are low (Qureshi, S. 1999). Virulence refers to the severity of an infection and therefore a highly virulent strain produces severe infections. High virulent strains utilize resources from the host body and leads to tissue damage in host bodies. This increases the possibility of an infection and may lead to death of the host. Virulent strains speed up their growth in order to obtain transmission to new hosts. These strains struggle to gain subsequent transmission before killing the former host. Therefore, once an individual gets exposed to a disease, the virulence of the disease determines the level of damage. To counter an infection, one need to consider immediate treatment before multiplication of a strain that may be detrimental to one or more individuals (Sansonetti, P 2010). Toxigenicity refers to the ability of the agent to produce a toxin, which forms the main disease-causing element in a virus or bacteria. There are two types of toxins produced by disease causing parasites. They

Hw Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hw - Speech or Presentation Example Compute the results from a hypothesis test of p1=p2 (with a 0.05 significance level) and a 95% confidence interval estimate of p1-p2 A study investigated survival rates for in- hospital patients who suffered cardiac arrests. Among 58593 patients who had cardiac arrest during the day, 11604 survived and were discharged. Among 28155patients who had attacks at night, 4138 survived and were discharged. We want to use 0.01 significance level to test the claim that survival rates are the same for the days and nights. .In a randomized controlled trial in Kenya, insecticide treated bed nets were tested as a way to reduce malaria. Among the 343 infants using bed nets, 15 developed malaria. Among 294 infants not using bed nets, 27 developed malaria. (Based on data from sustainability of reductions in malaria transmission and infant mortality in western Kenya with use of insecticide treated bed nets. By Lindblade et al. Journal of the American medical Association.) We want to use a 0.02 significance level to test the claim that the incidence of malaria is lower 9n infants using bed nets. The results are statistically significant since they provide the information required for statistical estimation. However, the results are not practical since it is not easy to estimate and improve the

Export Finance in India Essay Example for Free

Export Finance in India Essay Credit and finance is the life and blood of any business whether domestic or international. It is more important in the case of export transactions due to the prevalence of novel non-price competitive techniques encountered by exporters in various nations to enlarge their share of world markets. The selling techniques are no longer confined to mere quality; price or delivery schedules of the products but are extended to payment terms offered by exporters. Liberal payment terms usually score over the competitors not only of capital equipment but also of consumer goods. The payment terms however depend upon the availability of finance to exporters in relation to its quantum, cost and the period at pre-shipment and post-shipment stage. Production and manufacturing for substantial supplies for exports take time, in case finance is not available to exporter for production. They will not be in a position to book large export order if they don’t have sufficient financial funds. Even merchandise exporters require finance for obtaining products from their suppliers. This term paper is an attempt to throw light on the various sources of export finance available to exporters, the schemes implemented by ECGC and EXIM for export promotion and the recent developments in this field. Concept of Export Finance: The exporter may require short term, medium term or long term finance depending upon the types of goods to be exported and the terms of statement offered to overseas buyer. The short-term finance is required to meet â€Å"working capital† needs. The working capital is used to meet regular and recurring needs of a business firm like purchase of raw material, payment of wages and salaries, expenses like payment of rent, advertising etc. The exporter may also require â€Å"term finance† for medium and long term financial needs such as purchase of fixed assets and long term working capital. Export finance is short-term working capital finance allowed to an exporter. Finance and credit are available not only to help export production but also to sell to overseas customers on credit. Objectives of Export Finance: †¢ To cover commercial Non-commercial or political risks attendant on granting credit to a foreign buyer. †¢ To cover natural risks like an earthquake, floods etc. An exporter may avail financial assistance from any bank, which considers the ensuing factors: a) Availability of the funds at the required time to the exporter. b) Affordability of the cost of funds. Appraisal: Appraisal means an approval of an export credit proposal of an exporter. While appraising an export credit proposal as a commercial banker, obligation to the following institutions or regulations needs to be adhered to. Obligations to the RBI under the Exchange Control Regulations are: †¢ Appraise to be the bank’s customer. †¢ Appraise should have the Exim code number allotted by the Director General of Foreign Trade. †¢ Party’s name should not appear under the caution list of the RBI. Obligations to the Trade Control Authority under the EXIM policy are: †¢ Appraise should have IEC number allotted by the DGFT. †¢ Goods must be freely exportable i.e. not falling under the negative list. If it falls under the negative list, then a valid license should be there which allows the goods to be exported. †¢ Country with whom the Appraise wants to trade should not be under trade barrier. Obligations to ECGC are: †¢ Verification that Appraise is not under the Specific Approval list (SAL). †¢ Sanction of Packing Credit Advances. Guidelines for banks dealing in Export Finance: When a commercial bank deals in export finance it is bound by the ensuing guidelines: a) Exchange control regulations. b) Trade control regulations. c) Reserve Bank’s directives issued through IECD. d) Export Credit Guarantee Corporation guidelines. e) Guidelines of Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India. Export-import bank of India (EXIM Bank) The Export-import bank of India (EXIM Bank) was set up in January 1982 as a statutory corporation wholly owned by central government. It is managed by the Board of Directors with repatriation from Government, financial institutions, banks and business community. The main objective of Export-Import Bank (EXIM Bank) is to provide financial assistance to promote the export production in India. The financial assistance provided by the EXIM Bank widely includes the following: †¢ Direct financial assistance †¢ Foreign investment finance †¢ Term loaning options for export production and export development †¢ Pre-shipping credit †¢ Buyer’s credit †¢ Lines of credit †¢ Re-loaning facility †¢ Export bills rediscounting †¢ Refinance to commercial banks The Export-Import Bank also provides non-funded facility in the form of guarantees to the Indian exporters. †¢ Development of export makers †¢ Expansion of export production capacity †¢ Production for exports †¢ Financing post-shipment activities †¢ Export of manufactured goods †¢ Export of projects †¢ Export of technology and software’s Export financing programmes provided by EXIM Bank India EXIM INDIA offers a range of financing programs that match the menu of Exim Banks of the industrialized countries. The Bank provides competitive finance at various stages of the export cycle covering. EXIM INDIA operates a wide range of financing and promotional programs. The Bank finances exports of Indian machinery, manufactured goods, and consultancy and technology services on deferred payment terms. EXIM INDIA also seeks to co-finance projects with global and regional development agencies to assist Indian exporters in their efforts to participate in such overseas projects. The Bank is involved in promotion of two-way technology transfer through the outward flow of investment in Indian joint ventures overseas and foreign direct investment flow into India. EXIM INDIA is also a Partner Institution with European Union and operates European Community Investment Partners’ Program (ECIP) for facilitating promotion of joint ventures in India through technical and financial collaboration with medium sized firms of the European Union. The Export- Import Bank of India (Exim Bank) provides financial assistance to promote Indian exports through direct financial assistance, overseas investment finance, term finance for export production and export development, pre-shipping credit, buyer’s credit, lines of credit, relending facility, export bills rediscounting, refinance to commercial banks. Loans to Indian Entities: †¢ Deferred payment exports: Term finance is provided to Indian exporters of eligible goods and services, which enables them to offer deferred credit to overseas buyers. Deferred credit can also cover Indian consultancy, technology and other services. Commercial banks participate in this program directly or under risk syndication arrangements. †¢ Pre-shipment credit: finance is available from Exim Bank for companies executing export contracts involving cycle time exceeding six months. The facility also enables provision of rupee mobilization expenses for construction/turnkey project exporters. †¢ Term loans for export production: Exim Bank provides term loans/deferred payment guarantees to 100% export-oriented units, units in free trade zones and computer software exporters. In collaboration with International Finance Corporation. Washington, Exim Bank provides loans to enable small and medium enterprises to upgrade their export production capability. †¢ Overseas Investment finance: Indian companies establishing joint ventures overseas are provided finance towards their equity contribution in the joint venture. †¢ Finance for export marketing: This program, which is a component of a World Bank loan, helps exporters implement their export market development plans. Loans to Commercial Banks in India: †¢ Export Bills Rediscounting: Commercial Banks in India who are authorized to deal in foreign exchange can rediscount their short term export bills with Exim Banks, for an unexpired usage period of not more than 90 days. †¢ Refinance of Export Credit: Authorized dealers in foreign exchange can obtain from Exim Bank 100% refinance of deferred payment loans extended for export of eligible Indian goods. †¢ Guaranteeing of Obligations: Exim Bank participates with commercial banks in India in the issue of guarantees required by Indian companies for the export contracts and for execution of overseas construction and turnkey projects. Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) Government of India came forward to set up the Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) in July 1948 under a Special Act. The Industrial Development Bank of India, scheduled banks, insurance companies, investment trusts and co-operative banks are the shareholders of IFCI. The Government of India has guaranteed the repayment of capital and the payment of a minimum annual dividend. Since July I, 1993, the corporation has been converted into a company and it has been given the status of a Ltd. Company with the name Industrial Finance Corporations of India Ltd. IFCI has got itself registered with Companies Act, 1956. Before July I, 1993, general public was not permitted to hold shares of IFCI, only Government of India, RBI, Scheduled Banks, Insurance Companies and Co-operative Societies were holding the shares of IFCI. Management of IFCI: The corporation has 13 members Board of Directors, including Chairman. The Chairman is appointed by Government of India after consulting Industrial Development Bank of India. He works on a whole time basis and has tenure of 3 years. Out of the 12 directors, four are nominated by the IDBI, two by scheduled banks, two by co-operative banks and two by other financial institutions like insurance companies, investment trusts, etc. IDBI normally nominates three outside persons as directors who are experts in the fields of industry, labour and economics, the fourth nominee is the Central Manager of IDBI. The Board meets once in a month. It frames policies by keeping in view the interests of industry, commerce and general public. The Board acts as per the instructions received from the government and IDBI. The Central Government reserves the power up to the Board and appoints a new one in its place. IFCI also has Standing Advisory Committees one each for textile, sugar, jute, hotels, engineering and chemical processes and allied industries. The experts in different fields appointed on Advisory Committees. The chairman is the ex-officio member of all Advisory Committees. All applications for assistance are first discussed by Advisory Committees before they go to Central Committees. Financial Resources of IFCI: The financial resources of the corporation consist of share capital bonds and debentures and borrowings. a) Share Capital: The IFCI was set up with an authorized capital of Rs. 10crores consisting of 20,000 shares of Rs. 5,000 each. This capital was later on increased at different times and by March, 2003 it was Rs. 1068 crores. b) Bonds and Debentures: The Corporation is authorized to issue bonds and debentures to supplement its resources but these should not exceed ten times of paid-up capital and reserve fund. The bonds and debentures stood at a figure of Rs.15366.5 crores as on 31st March 2003. c) Borrowings: The Corporation is authorized to borrow from government IDBI and financial institutions. Its borrowings from IDBI and Govt. of India were Rs. 975.6 crore on March 31, 2003. Total assets of IFCI as on March 31, 2003 aggregated Rs. 22866 crore. Functions of IFCI: o Granting loans or advances to or subscribing to debentures of industrial concerns repayable within 25 years. Also it can convert part of such loans or debentures into equity share capital at its option. o Underwriting the issue of industrial securities i.e. shares, stock, bonds, or debentures to be disposed off within 7 years. o Subscribing directly to the shares and debentures of public limited companies. o Guaranteeing of deferred payments for the purchase of capital goods from abroad or within India. o Guaranteeing of loans raised by industrial concerns from scheduled balls or state co-operative banks. †¢ Acting as an agent of the Central Government or the World Bank in respect of loans sanctioned to the industrial concerns. IFCI provides financial assistance to eligible industrial concerns regardless of their size. However, now-a-days, it entertains applications from those industrial concerns whose project cost is about Rs. 2 crores because up to project cost of Rs. 2 crores various state level institutions (such as Financial Corporations, SIDCs and banks) are expected to meet the financial requirements of viable concerns. While approving a loan application, IFCI gives due consideration to the feasibility of the project, its importance to the nation, development of the backward areas, social and economic viability, etc. The most of the assistance sanctioned by IFCI has gone to industries of national priority such as fertilizers, cement, power generation, paper, industrial machinery etc. It has sanctioned nearly 49 per cent of its assistance for projects in backward districts. IFCI introduced a scheme for sick units also. The scheme was for the revival of sick units in the tiny and small scale sectors. Another scheme was framed for the self-employment of unemployed young persons. The corporation has diversified not only merchant banking but also financing of leasing and hire purchase companies, hospitals, equipment leasing etc. were the other new activities of the corporation in the last few years. Promotional Activities: The promotional role of IFCI has been to fill the gaps, either in the institutional infrastructure for the promotion and growth of industries, or in the provision of the much needed guidance in project intensification, formulation, implementation and operation, etc. to the new tiny, small-scale or medium scale entrepreneurs or in the efforts at improving the productivity of human and material resources. (a) Development of Backward Areas: –IFCI introduce a scheme of confessional finance for projects set up in backward areas. The backward-districts were divided into three categories depending upon the state of development there. All these categories were eligible for concessional finance. Nearly 50 per cent of total lending of IFCI has been to develop backward areas. (b) Promotional Schemes:- IFCI has been operating six promotional schemes with the object of helping entrepreneurs to set up new units, broadening the entrepreneurial base, encouraging the adoption of new technology, tackling ‘the problem of sickness and promoting opportunities for self development and Self employment of unemployed persons etc. These schemes are as such: 1. Subsidy for Adopting Indigenous Technology 2. Meeting Cost of Market Studies 3. Meeting Cost of Feasibility Studies 4. Promoting Small Scale and Ancillary Industries 5. Revival of Sick Units 6. Self-development and Self employment Scheme Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) In order to provide export credit and insurance support to Indian exporters, the GOI set up the Export Risks Insurance Corporation (ERIC) in July, 1957. It was transformed into export credit guarantee corporation limited (ECGC) in 1964. Since 1983, it is now know as ECGC of India Ltd. ECGC is a company wholly owned by the Government of India. It functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and is managed by a Board of Directors representing government, Banking, Insurance, Trade and Industry. The ECGC with its headquarters in Bombay and several regional offices is the only institution providing insurance cover to Indian exporters against the risk of non-realization of export payments due to occurrence of the commercial and political risks involved in exports on credit terms and by offering guarantees to commercial banks against losses that the bank may suffer in granting advances to exports, in connection wi th their export transactions. Objectives of ECGC: †¢ To protect the exporters against credit risks, i.e. non-repayment by buyers †¢ To protect the banks against losses due to non-repayment of loans by exporters Covers issued by ECGC: The covers issued by ECGC can be divided broadly into four groups: âž ¢ STANDARD POLICIES: issued to exporters to protect them against payment risks involved in exports on short-term credit. âž ¢ SPECIFIC POLICIES: Designed to protect Indian firms against payment risk involved in (i) exports on deferred terms of payment (ii) service rendered to foreign parties, and (iii) construction works and turnkey projects undertaken abroad. âž ¢ FINANCIAL GUARANTEES: Issued to banks in India to protect them from risk of loss involved in their extending financial support to exporters at pre-shipment and post-shipment stages. âž ¢ SPECIAL SCHEMES: such as Transfer Guarantee meant to protect banks which add confirmation to letters of credit opened by foreign banks, Insurance cover for Buyer’s credit, etc. STANDARD POLICIES ECGC has designed 4 types of standard policies to provide cover for shipments made on short term credit: †¢ Shipments (comprehensive risks) Policy: to cover both political and commercial risks from the date of shipment. †¢ Shipments (political risks) Policy:- to cover only political risks from the date of shipment †¢ Contracts (comprehensive risks) Policy:- to cover both commercial and political risk from the date of contract †¢ Contracts (Political risks) Policy :- to cover only political risks from the date of contract RISKS COVERED UNDER THE STANDARD POLICIES: 1. Commercial Risks a) Insolvency of the buyer b) Buyer’s protracted default to pay for goods accepted by him c) Buyer’s failure to accept goods subject to certain conditions 2. Political risks a) Imposition of restrictions on remittances by the government in the buyer’s country or any government action which may block or delay payment to exporter. b) War, revolution or civil disturbances in the buyer’s country. Cancellation of a valid import license or new import licensing restrictions in the buyer’s country after the date of shipment or contract, as applicable. c) Cancellation of export license or imposition of new export licensing restrictions in India after the date of contract (under contract policy). d) Payment of additional handling, transport or insurance charges occasioned by interruption or diversion of voyage that cannot be recovered from the buyer. e) Any other cause of loss occurring outside India, not normally insured by commercial insurers and beyond the control of the exporter and / or buyer. RISKS NOT COVERED UNDER STANDARD POLICIES: a) Commercial disputes including quality disputes raised by the buyer, unless the exporter obtains a decree from a competent court of law in the buyer’s country in his favour, unless the exporter obtains a decree from a competent court of law in the buyers’ country in his favour b) Causes inherent in the nature of the goods. c) Buyer’s failure to obtain import or exchange authorization from authorities in his county d) Insolvency or default of any agent of the exporter or of the collecting bank. e) loss or damage to goods which can be covered by commerci8al insurers f) Exchange fluctuation g) Discrepancy in documents. SPECIFIC POLICIES The standard policy is a whole turnover policy designed to provide a continuing insurance for the regular flow of exporter’s shipment of raw materials, consumable durable for which credit period does not normally exceed 180 days. Specific policies are issued in respect of Supply Contracts (on deferred payment terms), Services Abroad and Construction Work Abroad. 1) Specific policy for Supply Contracts: Specific policy for Supply contracts is issued in case of export of Capital goods sold on deferred credit. It can be of any of the four forms: a) Specific Shipments (Comprehensive Risks) Policy to cover both commercial and political risks at the Post-shipment stage b) Specific Shipments (Political Risks) Policy to cover only political risks after shipment stage. c) Specific Contracts (Comprehensive Risks) Policy to cover political and commercial risks after contract date. d) Specific Contracts (Political Risks) Policy to cover only political risks after contract date. 2) Service policy: Indian firms provide a wide range of services like technical or professional services, hiring or leasing to foreign parties (private or government). Where Indian firms render such services they would be exposed to payment risks similar to those involved in export of goods. Such risks are covered by ECGC under this policy. The policy covers 90%of the loss suffered. 3) Construction Works Policy: It covers civil construction jobs as well as turnkey projects involving supplies and services of both with private and foreign government. This policy covers 85% of loss suffered on account of contracts with government agencies and 75% of loss suffered on account of construction contracts with private parties. FINANCIAL GUARANTEES Exporters require adequate financial support from banks to carry out their export contracts. ECGC backs the lending programmes of banks by issuing financial guarantees. The guarantees protect the banks from losses on account of their lending to exporters. Six guarantees have been evolved for this purpose:- (i). Packing Credit Guarantee (ii). Export Production Finance Guarantee (iii). Export Finance Guarantee (iv). Post Shipment Export Credit Guarantee (v). Export Performance Guarantee (vi). Export Finance (Overseas Lending) Guarantee. These guarantees give protection to banks against losses due to non-payment by exporters on account of their insolvency or default. The ECGC charges a premium for its services that may vary from 5 paise to 7.5 paise per month for Rs. 100/-. The premium charged depends upon the type of guarantee and it is subject to change, if ECGC so desires.

media Essay -- essays research papers

The ‘media’ as a whole plays a major part in one’s life. Media messages can be presented in many ways from reading newspapers to watching news on television from the comfort of your own home. However, the most important factors are how the news is retrieved and portrayed by an individual or a group of individuals as each individual has the right to accept what they believe not what they are manipulated to believe or to accept. There are various issues that can be looked at to conclude whether or not there is such thing as free, unbiased media, to define this topic it is too broad to study itself so it will be broken down and researched in small parts. Bias in different context will be analysed and shown how it is interpreted. Theorists will be researched such as: Rupert Murdoch and Noam Chomsky taking his views into consideration as well as elaborating on them. The approach taken to tackle this area of study will show clear evidence of where the information has b een taken from as this will enable the reader to make their own judgment as to whether there is such thing as free, unbiased media. Can it be argued that there is such thing as a free, unbiased media? Bias is based around media organisations made up of journalists and news producers presenting particular stories and the selection of which stories to cover with an uneven viewpoint, these particular stories may refer to accusations of either censorship or propagandism. Individuals perceiving various media messages can receive these in different contexts such as socially, ethically, economically and politically. There are different categories of bias that can be looked upon when presenting media messages to individuals such as: ethnic bias which includes nationalism and regionalism, corporate bias involving advertising and political campaigns, social bias that contains overall bias of reporting to favour the status class, political bias regarding the split in political slant and sensationalism about manufacturing or distort news as a purely commercial product. Temporal bias is known when media are biased toward the immediate, when media organisations decide to take up a story that is happening immediately. News has to be new and fresh, this news has to be ever changing even when there is a small amount of news to cover. There are other forms of bias such as status quo bias, narrative bias, fairnes... ...close look at the records shows Murdoch has imparted his far right agenda throughout his media empire† (Center for American Progress). An example of being bias would be that Murdoch is blamed for presenting partisan media coverage for political groups that publicise policies and conclusions to draw attention to his commercial benefit showing that media bias is involved from the beginning, middle or end and is often encouraged by politicians to persuade him favourably to cover their campaigns. An additional example of the contradiction of the theory of unbiased media would be that of Venezuela and Chavez. In this instance a democratically elected president was over thrown from his position by the media industry (the Venezuela army and influences from the U.S). The effect Rupert Murdoch has had on the media industry is substantial, setting up an empire that is forever growing. This clearly shows who the media is owned by and how much power they posses, this can determine on what is presented to the public from a single point rather than all angles of a specific story and through not one source of media but several forms of media even though some maybe bias and contain propaganda.

Tax on Producers and Consumers

Question 1 Figure 1. 1- A tax on Producers a) i) Equilibrium Price and Quantity before tax: 100-10Q = 20 +10Q ? 20Q = 80 ? Q = 4 When Q = 4, P = 60 ? Equilibrium price equals $60 and equilibrium quantity is 4 million ii) Consumer Surplus = ? x 4 x 40 = 80 Producer Surplus = ? x 4 x 40 = 80 iii) An efficient market occurs when total surplus is maximized. This equilibrium of P = 60 and Q = 4 has maximized consumer and producer surplus equally. It is at this point where the marginal cost of production equals marginal benefit.Question 1 cont. b) i) After imposing a tax of $20, being levied on the producers, the price paid by buyers is $70 and the price received by sellers is $50 per unit of mobile phones sold at the reduced quantity supplied of 3 million. This is illustrated in figure 1. 1 with the shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. ii) Consumer Surplus = ? x 3 x 30 = 45 Producer Surplus = ? x 3 x 30 = 45 iii) There is a decrease in the total surplus after the implementation of a t ax on mobile phones.A substantial portion of the total surplus has been redistributed to government tax revenue, however, there is a deadweight loss. Marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs, resulting in inefficiencies within the market for mobile phones. c) Expected Total Revenue = 3 x 20 = $60 million Expected Deadweight Loss = 2 ( ? x 1 x 10 ) = $10 million d) The distribution of real incidence is the amount of burden of a tax shared between the buyer and seller. This proposed tax shares the burden of the $20 equally between buyers and sellers.The distribution of real incidence on buyers is a $10 rise in the price paid on sellers is the $10 decrease in price received for each mobile phone. e) Elasticity of Demand = Ave. P x ? Q Ave. Q ? P = 65 x (-1) 3. 5 10 = -1. 857142857 ? Elasticity of Demand equals 1. 857 The Elasticity of demand is greater than one which means the demand for mobile phones is elastic. The percentage decrease in the quantity demanded exceeds the percentage increase in price. This tax would mean as there is a 1% increase in price there is a 1. 57% decrease in quantity. There is also a decrease in the total revenue as the price increases. Question 2 |   |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |100 |5 | |India |90 |3 | Figure 2. – Thailand’s Production Possibility Frontier Figure 2. 2- India’s Production Possibility Frontier Question 2 cont. |   |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |36 |1080 | |India |40 |1800 | c) Points seen in Figure 2. and Figure 2. 2 d) – Thailand’s opportunity cost of producing 1 printer is 20kgs of Rice – Thailand’s opportunity cost of producing 1 Kg of rice is 1/20th of a printer – India’s opportunity cost of producing 1 printer is 30kgs of rice – India’s opportunity cost of producing 1kg of rice is 1/30th of a printer Thailand should specialise in the production of printers as it has a higher comparative advantage. Thi s has been achieved as there is a lower opportunity cost in the production of printers in Thailand compared to India.    |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |90 |0 | |India |0 |3000 | Specialisation has lead to an increase in the combined output for both countries. Thailand has increased its printer output by 54 and India has increased rice output by 1200kgs. ) Consumption bundle after trade |   |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |42 |1200 | |India |48 |1800 | Consumption points after trade for countries Thailand and India are labeled â€Å"H† and â€Å"N† in Figure 2. 1 and Figure 2. 2 respectively. Trade has benefited to both countries.Thailand has increased their consumption bundle with an increase in kilograms of rice from 1080 to 1200 and increased its computers from 36 to 42. India has increased their consumption bundle with their increase in printers from 40 to 48. Question 3 Figure 3. 1- Nuclear Electricity Market a) The equilibrium point e1 is infl uenced by inefficient outcomes of a subsidy. The subsidy brings about overproduction, represented by the quantity Q1. This overproduction lowers the price, or private costs of the clean up for the company. Marginal costs are increased as the higher production forces inefficient resource allocation. ) If the subsidy is removed there will be an overall increase in the efficiency within this market. The supply will decrease, illustrated in Figure 3. 1 with the leftward shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. The private cost of nuclear energy production would reflect the true cost of production, including disaster clean-ups. The increase in price can also be seen in Figure 3. 1 with the price from P1 to P2. There would be a consequent decrease in the quantity of nuclear energy and stop the inefficient overproduction and usage of limited resources. ) If the government imposes an insurance levy tax on the power company the cost of a nuclear clean-up will be higher than the cost with a c lean-up subsidy but will be lower than costs incurred if the power company had to absorb the entire financial burden. The insurance levy would create a new supply curve, illustrated in Figure 3. 1 with S3, as the reduced cost of a clean-up allows for greater nuclear energy production at a lower price. The quantity increase is seen with the movement from Q2 to Q3 and the decrease in cost of production is seen with the movement from P2 to P3. Question 3 cont. ) The three equilibriums achieved vary in the burden sharing and efficiency of a subsidy, a tax and no intervention in the nuclear energy market. Government intervention with the clean-up subsidy (represented with e1) reduces private costs of production and clean-up. This brings about inefficiencies as the true cost of production, including clean-ups after disasters, is not reflected in price of P1. The reduced cost in this scenario also leads to overproduction and an inefficient quantity of Q1 supplied. The most efficient market where marginal social benefits equal marginal social costs is shown at the equilibrium point e2.The true cost of production including negative externalities is counted for and there is a subsequent increase in price, as the company passes on costs to consumers, with the removal of a clean-up subsidy (seen with the increase from P1 to P2). The increase in price leads to a decrease in the quantity of nuclear energy demanded and a leftward shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. The imposition of an insurance levy has decreased the price of a nuclear disaster clean-up as the power company is now relieved of part of the entire financial burdens. This decrease in the price of a clean-up is seen in Figure 3. with the decrease in price from P2 to P3. There is an increase in quantity demanded, seen with the increase from Q2 to Q3 and there is an increase in the supply of nuclear energy production. This new equilibrium e3 is not the most efficient point in the nuclear production market but allows for an increase in demand of the most cost effective energy generation The point e3 would be most beneficial to society as there is an increase in efficiencies with the removal of a government clean-up subsidy yet the power company doesn’t wear the entire financial burdens of further nuclear disaster clean-ups.There is an increase in the price of nuclear production, however, this point P3 Q3 represents a fairer and more cost-effective way of reducing the costs of future nuclear disasters as less responsibility has fallen on the producers of this energy. Question 4 a) Figure 4. 1 iii) A population decrease will decrease the demand of this inferior good. This is illustrated in Figure 4. 1 with the demand curve shifting to the left from D1 to D2. An increase in the productivity increases the output quantity using the same amount of input.This increase in supply is seen with the supply curve shift to the right from S1 to S2. The combined decrease in demand and increase in supply has reduced the price of this good from P1 to P2. A new equilibrium, e2, has been formed at the points P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. b) Figure 4. 2 iii) As incomes increase the consumption of inferior goods decrease. This decrease in demand is shown in Figure 4. 2 with the demand curve shifting to the left from D1 to D2 to form the quantity demanded Q2. The increased price of inputs and therefore production costs has reduced the production productivity.This loss of productivity is illustrated through the leftward shift of the supply curve from S1 to S2. A new equilibrium has been formed at the points P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. c) Figure 4. 3 iii) The demand for inferior goods increases as incomes decrease. This increase in demand is illustrated in Figure 4. 3 with the rightward shift of the demand curve from D1 to D2 and the quantity demanded increase from Q1 to Q2. As the number of firms in the market decrease the price competitiveness influence weakens. Less competition allows for an increase in the price, seen in the shift from P1 to P2.The combined influence of an increase in quantity demanded (Q1 to Q2) and increase in price (P1 to P2) has formed a new equilibrium point, e2 (P2, Q2), with the shift in the demand curve to the right. Question 4 cont. d) Figure 4. 4 iii) There is a decrease in demand of the inferior good as the consumer preference for this good decrease. The product is used together with a complement product. An increase in the price of a complement product will also decrease the demand of the inferior good. This decrease in demand is illustrated in Figure 4. with the change from Q1 to Q2 and the shift of the demand curve to the left from D1 to D2. This creates a new equilibrium point e2 at the points P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. e) Figure 4. 5 iii) The increased price of a substitute in consumption increases the demand of the inferior good, illustrated in Figure 4. 5 with the demand curve shift to the right from D1 to D2. The supply quantity of t he inferior product will decrease as the price of a substitute in production increases. There is an increased ability for the supplier to raise profits from the higher price of the substitute while using the same resources.This tendency has therefore decreased the supply of the inferior goods, illustrated with the left of the supply curve to the left from S1 to S2. Figure 4. 5 shows how suppliers are only willing to supply the same quantity if there is an increase in price (from P1 to P2). The increase in demand and decrease in supply of this inferior good has resulted in a new equilibrium point e2 at points P2 and Q2. Question 5 a) There is a tendency for consumers to buy products they know which are used by many other people as it influences customer perception of reliability and value.If a celebrity endorses a product it shows the possible customer how the product has already reached a substantial audience of consumers who are satisfied and willing to show others. b) Inconsistenc y in consumer behavior can be rationalized under the idea of the endowment effect. The endowment effect makes a person value a personal good higher than it costs to buy. Molly has shown this effect as she is unwilling to accept $50 for her poster even though she knows it costs less than $50 for a replacement. c) Figure 5. 1- Max’s Budget Line i) – Price of Hotdog =$1 Price of Hamburger =$2 ii) Slope: PHAMQHAM + PHOTQHOT = Y ? $2QHAM + $1QHOT = $8 ? QHAM + ? x QHOT = 8/2 ? QHAM = 4 -1/2QHOT ? Slope equals -1/2 There is a negative slope (-1/2) of the budget line. The budget line and the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) are similar as the curve of each represents the maximum quantity of two products which can be obtained using limited resources. Max’s budget line shows the maximum combination quantity of two attainable products with his limited income while the PPF shows the maximum output of two products with a limited amount of input.

History of Christianity Essay

Both Christianity and Judaism came from the same God. Both Judaism and Christianity share the same Old Testament as our holy scriptures. The foundations of faith in God are rooted in the Old Testament, so also that of the Jews, for their history and their laws are all in the Old Testament. Moreover, the entire Old Testament was written by Jews. ‘The New Testament was also written by Jews with the exception of Luke. Judaism is the name that men have attached to the formative stages of biblical faith (Old Testament) and Christianity is the name that men have attached to the completing stage of biblical faith (New Testament). Mojzes & Swidler, 2002) Christianity as a religion was an offshoot of Judaism. It has been said that Judaism does not need Christianity to explain its existence, but Christianity needs Judaism both to explain its existence and what it believes. Hence, Christianity has also been termed historically as the Judeo-Christian faith. In the early years of the Christian faith, Christianity was regarded as just another sect of Judaism known as the sect of the Nazarenes. The early disciples and the 12 Apostles were all Jewish. Apostle Paul even took a Nazarite vow to prove to his critics that he was a Torah-observant Jew. The term ‘Christians’ surfaced only in AD 42 when the disciples were first called that in Antioch. The term gradually was adopted to differentiate believing Jews from unbelieving Jews and over time, it became a separate identity altogether. â€Å"†¦don’t boast as if you were better than the branches! However, if you do boast, remember that you are not supporting the root (Israel’s forefathers), the root is supporting you (Church). (Neuhaus, 2001) The exact origins of the Jewish faith are hard to pinpoint, and most of what is known comes from the Torah, the five books that make up the Jewish holy text and are also part of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to the Book of Genesis, the father of Judaism was a man called Abraham, who lived between about 2000 and 1500 BCE (Christianity and Islam also claim Abraham as an important religious figure). Abraham was born in Mesopotamia and later living in Egypt, was the first man according to Jewish religious texts, to promise to worship one god, Yahweh. Abraham spread this faith among his followers, and led them to settle in the land of Canaan. Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, was renamed Israel by Yahweh, and he fathered twelve sons, who led what would come to be known as the twelve tribes of Israel. These Israelites, according to Judaism’s religious teachings, were taken as slaves into Egypt, and led out of slavery by Moses. Moses was a Jewish Egyptian, who according to Jewish texts spoke directly to Yahweh. The freed Jewish slaves were recorded to have wandered for forty years in the desert of the Arabian Peninsula before settling back in the land of Canaan some time around 1200 BCE. One of the groups displaced by the establishment of Jewish kingdoms was a group called the Philistines. The Philistines called their lands by the name Palestine, a name for the lands once claimed by the Jews. The term Palestine came from the Roman Empire, which renamed the area as a punishment for a Jewish revolt against Roman rule around 135 CE. The term Palestine had long been favored by those who did not recognize the Jewish claim to the area. Perhaps as early as the fall of Judah in 586 BCE, Palestine became a term to deny the political claims Jews made in the region. From the fall of the early Jewish kingdoms, Jews lived as a minority population in Palestine and the Middle East at large. Depending on who exerted control over the region, and how stern they were about expressing that control, Jews experienced varying levels of freedom and persecution. Under the Persians, Jews were allowed to return to the region and to practice their religion freely, and were accorded a great deal of respect. During this time, Jews built a Second Temple on the site of the First, which had been destroyed by Babylonians. Under the Romans, however, they fared poorly. They were allowed to practice their religion, but were asked to declare their political allegiance to the Roman Empire. When Jews revolted against Roman rule in 66 CE, Roman troops ransacked the city of Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish Second Temple. Conditions for Jews became even worse after the Jewish revolt of 135 CE, when Roman troops killed or enslaved thousands of Jews and destroyed numerous Jewish villages. Jews were forbidden to enter the holy city of Jerusalem, and thereafter the Jewish population was centered in the region called Galilee. The conditions experienced by these early Jews had a deep impact on their worldview. Jews expressed the feeling that only under Jewish rule would their rights, including access to their religious sites, be protected. This brought them into much conflict with other people living in the region. The Jews’ worship of a single god made theirs a minority religious viewpoint in the region during much of the rule of the Roman Empire, but the spread of Christianity, the religion created by the followers of Jesus Christ (c. 4 BCE–c. 29 CE), soon changed the religious balance. Jesus was a man of the Jewish faith who offered new interpretations of the role of God and the need for individuals to devote themselves to God. His teachings challenged some of the Jewish beliefs and often caused civil unrest that challenged Roman rule. Around 29 CE, Jesus was arrested by Jewish religious leaders who suggested that his teachings were disrespectful to God and were causing civil disobedience among his followers. Jesus was brought before a Roman governor in Palestine named Pontius Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus, a form of execution in which a person is nailed on a cross and left to die. According to Christian religious teaching, Jesus later rose from the dead and ascended to heaven, taking his place as the son of God. Most of the accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings are found in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Their exact historical accuracy has long been a source of disagreement. Whether or not the man Jesus actually existed in the way the Bible states, his followers believed that he was the son of God, sent to give a message to all mankind. They created a religion based on his teachings. Though it was based on the Jewish faith and claimed one god, Christianity stressed the role of personal salvation acquired through the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the son of God. It was, like Judaism, a monotheistic religion. Unlike Judaism, however, Christianity was an evangelical faith, which meant that its followers dedicated themselves to converting others to their faith. Over time, Christianity gained many followers who embraced the religion’s single god. Sometime around 312 CE the emperor Constantine, who ruled over what was then known as the Eastern Roman Empire (which controlled over half of the Middle East), embraced Christianity. Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the empire, which later became known as the Byzantine Empire. The rise of Christianity dramatically changed the role of Palestine. Like Jews, Christians revered the holy places in Palestine, and especially in the city of Jerusalem. Christians also made holy places out of sites associated with the life and death of Jesus. But sharing holy sites did not necessarily mean that Jews and Christians got along. According to Charles Smith, editor of Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, â€Å"Christians considered Jews to be rivals in Palestine, as well as a people who rejected Jesus as the savior sent by God. As a result, the Byzantines applied existing Roman laws limiting Jewish activities more rigorously and created new ordinances aimed at isolating the Jews. † Though a monotheistic religion was now the dominant view, religion continued to be a source of conflict in the region. Christianity has one of the largest and most rapidly growing religious followings in Asia. The end of the Cold War and the Asian economic liberalization has encouraged both the flourishing of Christian evangelism and the rising prominence of Christianity in the public sector. There is a substantial shift in the balance of Christian populations from the North to the South. A few decades ago 70 percent of all evangelicals were in the â€Å"North,† primarily in the United States, today 70 percent are in the churches of the global South. The Catholic Church, which is projected to lose 20 million members in Europe in the first quarter of this century, will gain 100 million members in Africa, 50 million in Asia, and 140 million in Latin America. At the beginning of the 20th century, 81 percent of Christians were white. By the century’s end, that number was 45 percent.

Cherokee essays

Cherokee essays The Cherokee Indians were one of the most prosperous and progressive tribes in the country. They were also the largest tribe in the southeastern part of the United States. The Cherokee were a branch off the Iroquois Nation. The language they spoke was Iroquian. They got their name from Chelokee meaning people of different speech, and in their language they called themselves Aniyunwiya meaning principle people. A Cherokee named, Sequoyah, invented a system for the Cherokees to write their language. There were 86 characters in his syllabary and each were based on individual syllables in the words. Anybody who could speak Cherokee could also read and write it after learning the 86 symbols. Their native territory included portions of present Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Their population was estimated around 22,500. They lived in small communities, usually located near the river bottoms. Their homes were wooden frames covered with woven vines and saplings plastered with mud. Each community had a council house where ceremonies and tribal meetings were held. The council house was seven-sided to represent the seven clans of the Cherokee: bird, paint, deer, wolf, blue, long hair, and wild potato. Each tribe elected 2 chiefs. A peace chief who counseled during peaceful times and a war chief who made decisions during times of war. Towns classified themselves as red or white at any given point in time. A red town was in a state of war, under leadership of young men. A white town was at peace, with old men at the helm. (Bender 16). Cherokee was a matriarchy. The children took the clan of the mother and the relatives were traced through th e mothers family. Women had an equal say in the affairs of the tribe. Women could also be peace and war leaders depending on their standing ...

Case study Of Fairview Distribution Centre

Supply Chain and Logistics Management forms one of the most integral parts of any business organization whereby the company manages its resources and sees to it that all the resources are utilized effectively and the organization incurs the minimum amount of cost. In the given report, such a case relating to the Fairview School Board has been presented (Christopher, 2016).   The company presently holds a distribution center whereby it distributes all the stationery to the different organizations from one center. This has led to extremely high costs for the company and hence, it has been advised to give away the distribution centre and manage on its own. The given case explores all available ideas and then roots for one of them. At the distribution center, an area of 30000 square foot was used which has to purposes. Various school`s inventories were kept at the warehouse for the supply given to the schools. This stock included office supplies, papers and other stationery items. Such a large stock was kept in order to see to it that the bulk purchases could be made which would lead to decreased costs and also balance the lead time in case of deliveries (Islam et al., 2013). The inventory levels fluctuated to a great extent throughout the year. At the warehouse, various equipment of the board house was also kept which consisted of special teaching supplies and could be loaned by the various schools on different time period basis (Wang et al., 2016). The delivery system of the board was also taken care of by the authorities in the distribution centre which comprised of an interdepartmental mail, supplies and other educational services. The deliveries were made to various schools and offices as and when required . According to Jim Knox, that the board had forecasted certain deficits and thus, certain adjustments had to be made to various units in order to overcome the deficit problem. He suggested that along with giving away early retirement to various staffs and cuts, the distribution centre could be done away with (Mangan, Lalwani & Lalwani, 2016). The schools should be allowed to handle their own supplies and the center could be sold away along with selling the vehicles owned. The reason why closing the distribution centre was taken in as a more attractive than cutting down other program budgets was because the schools could manage their supplies on their own. According to him salaries of around $500000 would be saved if the distribution centre was given away. Along with the same rent could also be saved. The alternative option to the given scenarios cold is as follows: The distribution centre is a huge warehouse where all the equipment fit in adequately. Hence, due to this the area of the distribution centre could be reduced considerably and the entire excess inventory could somehow be reduced by keeping lower levels of stock (Stadtler, 2015).When the case comes up of the discounts which would be received then, the purchase of stocks can be made at once but the delivery can be made later. Adding to this, the staff could work on rotational basis and the teachers could also contribute some of their help in order to manage the supplies. Various other adjustments could be made which would help in altering the problem of the budget and even not hamper the distribution system aspect. The most suitable scenario in the given situation would be taking up the alternative path. This given path would follow the `avoidance of wastage idea` an idea similar to that of the Kaizen Distribution, where all unnecessary costs and wastes would be avoided in order to see to it that the distribution centre does not incur the huge amount of costs that it is incurring at the moment (Jacobs, Chase & Lummus, 2014). The alternative plan has been elaborated in detail: In terms of ethicality, the stakeholder’s need also needs to be considered while any particular decision is being made. When the distribution centre would have been given away, it would have caused inconvenience to various stakeholders. These stakeholders include various stakeholders like teachers, staff, the personnel working at the centre, and the maintenance staff. The staff has been working in the distribution centre since a very long time and therefore, it is extremely important that the people who are working there are also considered before any rash decision is made. Hence, it can be clearly stated that the benefits of following this idea is much more than the costs which are incurred. This also serves to be a middle path and helps in removal of any consequences for the board as well as the stakeholders involved in the board Therefore, it can be stated that there were two clear alternatives available to the company which was giving away the distribution board or keeping it. The third was an additional alternative which would have helped the board to reduce certain costs. All the ideas were well explained and then the case for an alternative idea was built which was reducing excess wastage and keeping the distribution center but decreasing it in size and operations. The reduced operations will not only help in saving the costs but also help in saving the interests of the various stakeholders involved. Christopher, M. (2016).  Logistics & supply chain management. Pearson UK. Coyle, J. J., Langley, C. J., Novack, R. A., & Gibson, B. (2016).  Supply chain management: a logistics perspective. Nelson Education. Islam, D. M. Z., Meier, J. F., Aditjandra, P. T., Zunder, T. H., & Pace, G. (2013). Logistics and supply chain management.  Research in Transportation Economics,  41(1), 3-16. Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., & Lummus, R. R. (2014).  Operations and supply chain management  (pp. 533-535). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2013). Defining supply chain management.  Journal of Business logistics,  22(2), 1-25. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., & Lalwani, C. L. (2016).  Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley & Sons. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., & Baker, P. (2014).  The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. In  Supply chain management and advanced planning  (pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Simchi-Levi, D., Simchi-Levi, E., & Kaminsky, P. (2016).  Designing and managing the supply chain: Concepts, strategies, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W., & Papadopoulos, T. (2016). Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications.  International Journal of Production Economics,  176, 98-110.

Research proposal psychology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Psychology - Research Proposal Example The major concern is in the suburban areas of the country, as the policies are not reaching the destination it is expecting. People in this area do understand the programs to act accordingly. But the most important factor that is faced by the state to implement the mental service is the increasing immigrants in the country. The number of immigrants is increasing at a steady rate and the various policies are not on the right way to act efficiently to an effect in the immigrant population. A large bulk of this population is from the rural areas in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, so they are not in touch with various services on this section and they don’t understand the programs on the mental health. The service does not reach these people effectively. The problem is not confined to people only, the department also various issue in providing the services. Department does not understand the section which require this services so they are unable provide them. By the time when the department identify the problem and provide the service, the condition would have become worse. Department identifies need for various services when there is a crisis. As the major section who requires the mental health services are immigrants as they will have to face many mental problems due to various reasons including change in the living condition, cultural changes, social factors, and many physiological interactions and interferences. But at the present condition department is able to provide the services only the time when there is crisis. This situation is to be sorted out with immediate effect in order to maintain mental level at standard level. Various surveys conducted all over the world have also shown the serious inability in the implementation of mental health services, of which US has a main contribution. The World Health Report 2001 clearly shows that mental and neurological conditions cause a serious amount of morbidity all over the world. It is estimated that a bout 10 million people in United States are affected by mental, neurological and substance-abuse disorders. Due to the immigration effects there are many people migrating to the state. Survey shows that a large proportion of the people live in countries, including the WHO South-East Asia Region are the people suffering from these problems. It is estimated that the burden of disease from neuropsychiatric conditions measured by DALY’s will increase from 9% of the total disease burden in 1990 to 14% in 2020. It is also known that a substantial proportion of people with neuropsychiatric conditions, do not get appropriate treatment. This is known as the mental-health gap or treatment gap for mental health. It is known above 85% of the people are not getting the services they are in need of. Neurological and psychiatric services have been mainly concentrated in tertiary-care hospitals. As such, large segments of the population, particularly those who live in rural and remote areas, have been deprived of such services. This is despite the fact that both neurological and psychiatric conditions are common in these communities Mental health care programs should include all mental health and well-being needs of the community and it should utilize all the community resources and the primary health